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## 5. VOICES

### 5.1 Voice Files

A Voice file specifies a language (and possibly a language variant or dialect) together with various attributes that affect the characteristics of the voice quality and how the language is spoken.

Voice files are placed in the `espeak-data/voices` directory, or within subdirectories in there.

The available voice files can be listed by:

       espeak --voices
    or
       espeak --voices=<language>

### 5.2 Contents of Voice Files

The language attribute is mandatory. All the other attributes are optional.

#### Identification Attributes

name <name>
  A name given to this voice.

language <language code> [<priority>]
  This attribute should appear before the other attributes which are listed below.

  It selectes the default behaviour and characteristics for the language, and sets default values for "phonemes", "dictionary" and other attributes. The <language code> should be a two-letter ISO 639-1 language code. One or more language variant codes may be appended, separated by hyphens. (eg. en-uk-north).

  The optional <priority> value gives the preference of this voice compared with others for the specified language. A low value indicates a more preferred voice. The default value is 5.

  More than one language line may be present. A voice may be selected for other related languages (variants which have the same initial 2 letter language code as the specified language), but it will be less preferred for these. Different language variants may be specified by additional language lines in order to indicate that this is a preferred voice for them also. Eg.

         language en-uk-north
         language en

  indicates that this is voice is for the "en-uk-north" dialect, but it is also a main choice when a general "en" language is specified. Without the second language line, it would be disfavoured for "en" for being a more specialised voice.

gender <gender> [<age>]
  This attribute is only a label for use in voice selection. It doesn't change the sound of the voice.
  <gender> may be male, female, or unknown.
  <age> is optional and gives an age in years.

#### Voice Attributes

pitch <base> <range>
  Two integer values. The first gives a base pitch to the voice (value in Hz) The second controls the range of pitches used by the voice. Setting it equal to the base pitch will give a monotone. The default values are 82 118.

formant <number> <frequency> <strength> <width> <freq_add>
  Systematically adjusts the frequency, strength, and width of the resonance peaks of the voice. Values are percentages of the default values. Changing these affects the tone/quality of the voice.

  freq_add Adds a constant value (in Hz) to the frequency of the formant peak. The value may be negative.

  - Formants 1,2,3 are the standard three formants which define vowels.
  - Formant 0 is used to give a low frequency component to the sounds, of frequency lower than F1.
  - Formants 4,5 are higher than F3. They affect the quality of the voice.
  - Formants 6,7,8 are weak, high frequency, additions to vowels to give a clearer sound.

echo <delay> <amplitude>
  Parameter 1 gives the delay in mS (0 to 250mS).
  Parameter 2 gives the echo amplitude (0 to 100).
  Adding some echo can give a clearer or more interesting sound, especially when listening through a domestic stereo sound system, rather than small computer speakers.
tone
  Controls the tone of the sound.
  tone is followed by up to 4 pairs of <frequency> <amplitude> which define a frequency response graph. Frequency is in Hz and amplitude is in the range 0 to 255. The default is:

  `tone 600 170 1200 135 2000 110`

  This means that from frequency 0Hz to 600Hz the amplitude is 170. From 600Hz to 1200Hz the amplitude decreases from 170 to 135, then decreases to 110 at 2000Hz and remains at 110 at higher frequencies. This adjustment applies only to voiced sounds such as vowels and sonorant consonants (such as [n] and [l]). Unvoiced sounds such as [s] are unaffected.

  This tone statement can also appear in `espeak-data/config`, in which case it applies to all voices which don't have their own tone statement.

flutter <value>
  Default value: 2.
  Adds pitch fluctuations to give a wavering or older-sounding voice. A large value (eg. 20) makes the voice sound "croaky".

roughness <value>
  Default value: 2. Range 0 - 7
  Reduces the amplitude of alternate waveform cycles in order to make the voice sound creaky.

voicing <value>
  Default value: 100.
  Adjusts the strength of formant-synthesized sounds (vowels and sonorant consonants).

consonants <value> <value>
  Default values: 100, 100.
  Adjusts the strength of noise sounds which are used in consonants. The first value is the strength of unvoiced consonants such as "s" and "t". The second value is the strength of the noise component of voiced consonants such as "z" and "d".

breath <up to 8 integer values>
  Default values: 0.
  Adds noise which corresponds to the formant frequency peaks. The values give the strength of noise for each formant peak (formants 1 to 8).

  Use together with a low or zero value of the voicing attribute to make a "wisper". For example:
  `breath 75 75 60 40 15 10
  breathw 150 150 200 200 400 400
  voicing 18
  flutter 20
  formant 0 100 0 100 // remove formant 0`

breathw <up to 8 integer values>
  These values give bandwidths of the noise peaks of the breath attribute. If breathw values are not given, then suitable default values will be used.

#### Language Attributes

phonemes <name>
  Specifies which set of phonemes to use from those contained in the phontab, phonindex, and phondata data files. This is a phonemetable name as given in the "phoneme" source file.

  This parameter is usually not needed as it is set by default to the first two letters of the "language" parameter. However, different voices of the same language can use different phoneme sets, to give different accents.

dictionary <name>
  Specifies which pair of dictionary files to use. eg. "english" indicates that speak-data/en_dict should be used to translate from words to phonemes. This parameter is usually not needed as it is set by default to the first two letters of "language" parameter.

dictrules <list of rule numbers>
  Gives a list of conditional dictionary rules which are applied for this voice. Rule numbers are in the range 0 to 31 and are specific to a language dictionary. They apply to rules in the language's _rules dictionary file and also its _list exceptions list. See dictionary.html.

replace <flags> <phoneme> <replacement phoneme>
  Replace a phoneme by another whenever it occurs.

  <replacement phoneme> may be NULL.

  Flags: bit 0: replacement only occurs on the final phoneme of a word.
  Flags: bit 1: replacement doesn't occur in stressed syllables.
  eg.

            replace  0  h  NULL      // drops h's
            replace  0  V  U         // replaces vowel in 'strut' by that in 'foot'
                                     // as occurs in northern British English
            replace  3  N  n         // change 'fishing' to 'fishin' etc.
                                     // (only the last phoneme of a word, only in unstressed syllables)

  The phoneme mnemonics can be defined for each language, but some are listed in phonemes.html

stressLength <8 integer values>
  Eight integer parameters. These control the relative lengths of the vowels in stressed and unstressed syllables.
  - 0 unstressed
  - 1 diminished. Its use depends on the language. In English it's used for unstressed syllables within multisyllabic words. In Spanish it's used for unstressed final syllables.
  - 2 secondary stress
  - 3 words marked as "unstressed" in the dictionary
  - 4 not currently used
  - 5 not currently used
  - 6 stressed syllable (the main syllable in stressed words)
  - 7 tonic syllable (by default, the last stressed syllable in the clause)

stressAdd <8 integer values>
  Eight integer parameters. These are added to the voice's corresponding stressLength values. They are used in the voice variant files in `espeak-data/voices/!v` to give some variety. Negative values may be used.

stressAmp <8 integer values>
  Eight integer parameters. These control the relative amplitudes of the vowels in stressed and unstressed syllables (see stressLength above). The general default values are: 16, 16, 20, 20, 20, 24, 24, 22, although these defaults may be different for particular languages.

intonation <param1>
  - 1 Default.
  - 2 Less intonation.
  - 3 Less intonation, and comma does not raise the pitch.
  - 4 Pitch rises (rather than falls) at the end of sentence.

charset <param1>
  The ISO 8859 character set number. (not all are implemented).

Additional attributes are available to set various internal options which control how language is processed. These would normally be set in the program code rather than in a voice file.

### 5.3 Voice Files Provided

A number of Voice files are provided in the `espeak-data/voices` directory. You can select one of these with the -v <voice filename> parameter to the speak command.

default
  This voice is used if none is specified in the speak command. Copy your preferred voice to "default" so you can use the speak command without the need to specify a voice.

For a list of voices provided for English and other languages see Languages.